At this time have many automated tools around us. An example is the automatic toilets that can flush the water after the user leaves the toilet. If observed, then in the toilets there are special sensors that will be fired infrared rays.
ing, then the sensor will be active because the infrared rays reflected by the presence in the fired person. Well after the person has finished urinating, then no more light is reflected. If it so happens, then the water will soon be disbursed to clean toilets in a certain period of time ..
Currently, infrared sensors are also widely used in other tools such as the tool in the industry to detect the presence of an object. An example is to count the number of products on a conveyor belt (conveyor) typically uses infrared sensors such.
Progress can also be our electronics world feel in terms of affairs of the display. In ancient times to present rate, for example, then we must use the viewer seven segments (7 segment display). This old tool that uses them is ancient calculator. The disadvantage is the tool to be extravagant power and the display looks stiff.
Well time now for business to display information using the LCD display. The LCD display often we meet in the viewer on a public phone for example. By using this LCD viewer then there are some advantages. Among them are able to display both numbers and letters and other characters. It is also more power efficient. LCD viewer is currently available in several sizes such as 16x1, 16 x2 up to 16 x 4. Sixteen is the number of characters, while 1,2,3,4 is the number of rows.
In this special report, in addition to using the components as described above, will also be using microcontroller technology as its main controller. Control using the microcontroller has several advantages when compared to control using a combination of IC-digital ICs.
If using a microcontroller, so if there is improvement tools or the addition of features, it is not necessary to change the physical relationship tools (hardware). The change is only done by way of changing the program (firmware). So the use of microcontrollers today are very helpful in terms of design tools.
Microcontroller itself currently there are several types, but the author would use one type of microcontroller that is PIC16F84 / A. Selection was based on physical form is quite small (measuring a total of 18 pens).
Microcontroller PIC16F84/A
Microcontroller PIC16F84 / A is a microcontroller made by Microchip Inc. based in the United States. Manufacturing has been a lot made of microcontrollers which is fully incorporated in the PICmicro family.
This microcontroller even though the size is quite small, but can be quite complete. Various devices can be controlled using a microcontroller this .. On this microcontroller chip inside her already contained the elements forming a complete computer system that is CPU, ROM, RAM and I / O.
Figure : The components making up the microcontroller systemThe function of each constituent part of a microcontroller are as follows.
a. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is the main controller in the microcontroller. This CPU can handle data with 8-bit data width. This CPU will read the program stored in ROM / Flash memory and will execute it.
b. ROM / Flash Memory
ROM stands for Read Only Memory which means that the memory is only read its contents. ROM / Flash is used to store programs / instructions to the microcontroller. Once loaded into the ROM / Flash, then its contents are not deleted even if the power is removed.
c. RAM
RAM is Random Access Memory is a memory that can be read at random. In addition, the nature of the RAM is that its contents will be erased when the power supply to him eliminated. RAM used to store temporary data during program execution.
d. I / O ( PORT ) I / O stands for Input / output. I / O ports are also called mikrokontoler. With the I / O, the microcontroller can be connected with external devices. I / O ports can be connected to LEDs, switches, LCD, etc.. In microcontroller PIC16F84 / A, there were 13 line port I / O.
Completeness Microcontroller PIC16F84 / A
Microcontroller PIC16F84 / A This is not the most complete of Microchip Inc. product line, but this product is the most popular products for studying the PIC microcontroller. Most people will use this type to become acquainted with the family of PICmicro microcontrollers.
Actually, the family of PICmicro Microcontroller products are so numerous, so that even makes confused to select it. However, we can try one of the PIC microcontroller family.
In microcontroller PIC16F84 / A We have a variety of completeness as follows :
a. Only requires 35 instructions
b. All 14-bit instruction size
c. Sized 8-bit data
d. Program memory size of 1024 x 14 on Flash Memory
e. 68 x 8 general purpose registers (SRAM = Static RAM)
f. 15 Special Purpose Registers
g. Data berukutan memory EEPROM 64 x 8 in
h. Eight-level hardware stack
i. Four sources interrupted (interruption).
j. Has 13 pieces of I / O is divided into Port A and Port B
k. Can directly drive LEDs to
l. There are 8-bit timer with 8-bit divider
m. Can use several types of oscillator
n. Physical Measuring only 18 pen
Figure : Composition of the pin of microcontroller PIC16F84/A
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